How Do Black Holes Grow and Merge?

Which observations connect feeding, galaxy evolution, and mergers without filling gaps with certainty?

You separated supply from retention, included radiation and outflows, accounted for gravitational-wave energy, and treated early supermassive growth as a constrained but open problem.

An artistic reconstruction of two interacting galaxies whose gas-rich nuclei contain an approaching black-hole pair, with subtle gravitational-wave ripples spreading outward. — Vastward artistic reconstruction. Gas inflow, two active nuclei, and outgoing spacetime ripples combine several growth stages in one teaching scene; this is not a photograph or a simulation of one observed merger.

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