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Black Holes and SpacetimeModule 6Frontiers and a Black-Hole Case File
Module 6 / Lesson 21 of 2436 min
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How Are Black-Hole Mass and Spin Measured?

Why can several methods disagree, and what does each one actually constrain?

You compared orbital dynamics, X-ray inner-flow models, gravitational-wave fitting, and horizon-scale radio imaging without treating measured signals and inferred parameters as the same thing.

A scientific artistic reconstruction combining a stellar orbit, X-ray spectrum, gravitational-wave trace, and horizon-scale radio ring around a black hole.
Vastward artistic synthesis. The four overlays represent separate observing methods; no single image directly photographs a black hole's mass or spin.

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