Why Do Molecules Leave Bands Instead of Single Lines?

How do molecular vibration and rotation multiply the allowed transitions?

Build a structured band from electronic, vibrational, rotational, and finite-resolution contributions.

A cool exoplanet atmosphere with molecular bonds vibrating as dense infrared spectral bands spread toward a detector. — Vastward artistic reconstruction. Molecular motion and spectral features are conceptually combined and are not a measured spectrum of one named world.

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