How Does a Shifted Line Reveal Stellar Motion?

How do several calibrated wavelength shifts become a reference-frame-aware radial velocity?

Use the low-speed Doppler approximation, several lines, and a barycentric correction without claiming full 3D motion.

A stellar spectrum shifts against fixed laboratory line markers while an observatory records the motion. — Vastward scientific visualization. Several lines shift together; calibrated wavelength differences become radial velocity.

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