How can we investigate an ocean hidden beneath ice?

Which independent measurements support hidden oceans, and where must the claim stop before it becomes a claim about life?

Build the evidence chain for Europa and Enceladus from fields, motion, geology, plumes, and chemistry, then climb a careful ladder from water to potential habitability.

Composite artistic ocean-world cutaway with cracked ice, a blue subsurface ocean, a bright plume, and an orbiter. — Composite artistic scientific reconstruction: this is not one named moon or a direct interior view. Ice thickness, ocean depth, plume scale, orbit, and lighting are composed to introduce the investigation.

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